香果树RAPD扩增条件的优化及遗传多样性初步分析

对浙江省天台山自然香果树种群的DNA进行了提取和RAPD扩增条件的优化,分别测试了镁离子、dNTP、模板DNA含量、引物浓度、DNA聚合酶量和牛血清白蛋白浓度对反应结果的影响,通过各因子的组合研究,可知香果树RAPD分析较适宜的扩增条件为:15μLPCR反应体积,1×Taq酶配套缓冲液,1 8mmol·L-1MgCl2,2UTaq酶;10ng模板DNA;20pmol引物;dATP、dCTP、dGTP、dTTP各0 1mmol·L-1。以此适宜条件对12个引物进行扩增,共扩增出51个DNA片段,多态位点百分率为45 1%,种群内遗传多样性较低,进一步研究不同种群香果树的遗传多样性具有一定的意义。     

乳源木莲管形容器育苗技术研究

通过对乳源木莲进行不同基质配比、容器规格、营养液施肥、苗高生长节律等管形容器育苗试验,结果表明,培育乳源木莲管形容器苗的理想基质材料应以泥炭、鸡粪泥炭、蛭石、珍珠岩等轻型基质为主,容器规格大小与培育期限和苗龄是密切相关的,采用N、P、K配比3:2:1、1:1:1两种配方营养液配方施肥可促进苗木生长发育和根系成团,提高苗木综合质量;乳源木莲管形容器苗的年高生长进程呈现慢—快—慢的“S”形节律,存在着明显的速生期,在该期内的苗高生长量最大。     

太行山石质山地植被结构优化评价

以太行山石质砂岩区山地植被为研究对象,在对典型植被类型综合调查的基础上,提出了评价山地植被水土保持效益的10项指标,并通过不同植被类型的水源涵养效能指标测定和径流小区泥沙对比分析,认为人工-天然复合植被类型的水土保持效果最好,乔木林最适郁闭度为0．6～0．7。阐述了突出水土保持、水源涵养功能的植被优化结构建设是太行山石质山地植被恢复的根本途径和防护林体系建设的重要内容。     

Effect of shoot size and phenological variation of host plants on the spatial patterns of cynipid galls

The effects of shoot size and differences in budburst phenology ofQuercus serrata trees on the spatial patterns of galls were investigated for two cynipid species: the sexual generation ofAndricus moriokae and the agamic generation ofAphelonyx glanduliferae. There were marked differences in budburst phenology, but these did not affect the gall density on the tree. The galls of both cynipids showed a contagious distribution in their respective trees, but different abundance patterns under high gall density. The mean number of galls ofA. glanduliferae over a shoot size range was positively correlated with shoot size. More galls ofA. moriokae appeared on larger shoots on trees on which many buds had started growing before oviposition by the agamic adults. In the case of a tree on which a few buds had burst by the time of oviposition, the mean numbers ofA. moriokae galls on shoots of particular size ranges depended on the frequency of shoots in the size class. These results suggest that, although these cynipids prefer to attack larger shoots within a host tree, they may exhibit plasticity in their preference in response to changes in budburst phenology of the host plant relative to the time of oviposition.     

用二次正交旋转组合设计优化马占相思增殖培养基

在马占相思组织培养初步取得成功的基础上，采用二次正交旋转组合设计对马占相思增殖培养基进行优化，建立增殖率(Y)对Ca^2 浓度(X1)、6-BA浓度(X2)及NAA浓度(X3)3个试验因子的正交回归模型：Y=2．280-0．168X1-0．259X2 0．185X1^2-0．210X2^2 0．167X3^2 0．326X1X2。从模型推知，当Ca^2 浓度为0．58倍常规MS培养基浓度(255g／L)，6BA为0．76mg／L，NAA为0．16mg／L时，增殖率达最大值为4．32，实验结果与预测值相符。     

Shade improves coffee quality in a sub-optimal coffee-zone of Costa Rica

Quality is an important attribute of coffee. Therefore it is important to understand the effect of overstory trees not only on the environment and long-term coffee production, but also on the quality of coffee grown underneath the trees. This study compared coffee quality of Coffea arabica L. vars. Caturra and Catimor 5175 under different levels of shade in a low-elevation, sub-optimal environment for coffee in Costa Rica. Fruit weight and bean size increased significantly when shade intensity was increased from 0% to more than 80% under unpruned Erythrina poeppigiana. While large beans (diameter > 6.7 mm) accounted for 49 and 43% of the coffee from unshaded Caturra and Catimor, respectively, these proportions increased to 69 and 72% under dense permanent shade. This suggested a stronger shade benefit for Catimor than for Caturra. The conversion percentages from fresh-weight coffee fruits to dry-weight green coffee for export were not affected by the treatments. A blind tasting experiment showed consistent shade-induced improvements in appearance of green and roasted coffee as well as in acidity and body of the brew for both varieties. The effect of shade on aroma of the brew was neutral for Caturra and slightly negative for Catimor. It is hypothesized that, in the sub-optimal (low-altitude) coffee-zone studied, shade promotes slower and more balanced filling and uniform ripening of berries, thus yielding a better-quality product than unshaded coffee plants. Shade experiments along environmental gradients should help to validate this conjecture and its relative importance in different coffee-zones.     

松香酰胺在中性造纸施胶中的应用

利用松香与异腈酸的酰经反应在１００－１５０℃下合成了三个松香酰胺，并应用它们到中性造纸松香乳酸，ＰＨ４－８的抄造试验表明这些松香衍生物在这个ＰＨ范围内具有高的施胶效果。松香酰结构与酰胺化度对施胶效果有很大的影响。     

宁波东钱湖山体生态林优化的群落学解析

以东钱湖生态林优化模式为例，提出地带性植被类型是从大尺度上确定生态林优化目标的依据，而具体地点生态林优化模式确定的依据是该地点的潜在植被类型；生态林优化模式的群落结构(主要包括种类组成和配比)的确定主要是借助群落学手段参考天然森林群落的特征而制定：最后就群落学手段选择植被优化模式的特点作初步探讨。     

香格里拉市林地景观格局分析及优化策略

利用香格里拉市2017年林地变更调查数据,选取斑块数量(PN)、斑块类型面积(CA)、斑块平均大小(MPS)、景观百分比(PLAND)、斑块密度(PD)、分离度(F)、景观多样性指数(SHDI)和香农均匀度指数(SHEI)等8个景观指标,借助Fragstats4.2软件和ArcGIS10软件,从斑块特征、异质性以及多样性3个方面对香格里拉市林地景观格局进行分析。结果表明:香格里拉市林地景观格局类型较为丰富,多样性较高,斑块内部连通性较强;各林地景观类型分布不均,以针叶林景观为主,存在比较明显的异质性;景观类型斑块数量大,非林地景观破碎化严重。提出合理编制林地利用方案、不断提高林地景观格局稳定性,加强资源林政管理、控制林地破碎化程度,加快建设“智慧林业”步伐、高效管理林地资源,抓住林业重点工程建设、全面优化林地景观格局,结合林地适用类别,科学合理规划林地功能等优化策略。     

Application of cationic polymer prepared from sulfuric acid lignin as a retention aid for usual rosin sizes to neutral papermaking

Cationic polymers that acted as the retention aids for usual rosin sizes in neutral papermaking were prepared from sulfuric acid lignin (SAL), one type of acid lignin. To convert SAL to the cationic polymer (MP-SAL), SAL was phenolated and then treated by the Mannich reaction to introduce the amino groups. In the MP-SAL single system, MP-SAL exhibited high sizing effectiveness in neutral papermaking with the rosin emulsion size. However, MP-SAL showed no sizing effectiveness when soap rosin size was used. MP-SAL showed increased sizing effectiveness as the pK _a of the introduced amino group increased. From this and comparison of the sizing degrees of MP-SAL and polyethylenimine, which possesses a linear structure, it was suggested that the sizing effectiveness was not only affected by the charge density and molecular weight, but also by the basicity of the introduced amino groups and the molecular structure of the retention aid. In the alum–MP-SAL dual system, alum and MP-SAL synergistically enhanced the sizing effectiveness in the rosin emulsion sizing at neutral pH. In turn, this allowed a decrease in the MP-SAL dosage and resulted in a small decrease in brightness.Part of this report was presented at the 48th Lignin Symposium, October 2003, Fukui